Caesar reached the border of greater Rome at the Rubicon River. When he moved his army from Gaul into Rome's formal territory, it was interpreted as a declaration of war against Rome. Pompey wielded great power and declared Caesar a public enemy and ordered him to disband his army. While he was away in Gaul, Crassus was killed and Pompey became leader. Īfter Julius Caesar finished subduing Gaul in 51 B.C., he prepared to return to Rome. Pompey was entrusted with enforcing this edict. Under these condition, the Senate called upon Caesar to resign his command and disband his army or risk being declared an "Enemy of the State". Caesar became so popular with the masses, he presented a threat to the power of the Senate and to Pompey, who held power in Rome. While serving as governor of Gaul, Caesar amassed a personal fortune and displayed his military skill in subduing the native Celtic and Germanic tribes.
The crossing of the Rubicon - a small stream in northern Italy that defined the border between Rome and its northern provinces- was a pivotal event in Roman history and the creation of the Roman Empire and ultimately modern European culture. United Nations of Roma Victrix (UNRV) History Caesar Crosses the Rubicon History of ancient Rome OpenCourseWare from the University of Notre Dame / Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Īncient Rome resources for students from the Courtenay Middle School Library
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The Internet Classics Archive Ĭambridge Classics External Gateway to Humanities Resources /web Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Metropolitan Museum of Art /about-the-met/curatorial-departments/greek-and-roman-art The Internet Classics Archive īryn Mawr Classical Review ĭe Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors īritish Museum .uk Oxford Classical Art Research Center: The Beazley Archive beazley.ox.ac.uk
The Roman Empire in the 1st Century pbs.org/empires/romans “Outlines of Roman History” “The Private Life of the Romans” | BBC Ancient Rome bbc.co.uk/history Perseus Project - Tufts University Lacus Curtius Websites on Ancient Rome: Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Rome Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Late Antiquity Forum Romanum Later Ancient Roman History (33 articles) Īncient Roman Life (39 articles) Īncient Greek and Roman Religion and Myths (35 articles) Īncient Roman Art and Culture (33 articles) Īncient Roman Government, Military, Infrastructure and Economics (42 articles) Īncient Greek and Roman Philosophy and Science (33 articles) Īncient Persian, Arabian, Phoenician and Near East Cultures (26 articles) In that sense, the Caesars now serve us not as a model of how people ought to rule but a mythology through which we reflect on the terrifying power of the systems in which we may happen to find ourselves entrapped.” |::|Ĭategories with related articles in this website:Įarly Ancient Roman History (34 articles) It is as if we do not want to learn the secret of Roman success, but scare ourselves by looking deep into the irrationality of an apparently successful system. “The 'mad' and 'bad' Caesars seem more interesting than the good, sober ones - certainly, from Quo Vadis to I Claudius to Gladiator, they are the ones who have fired the popular imagination. From Augustus's ruthless intelligence, to Caligula's scary insanity, or Nero's misplaced parade of rockstar popularity, we seem to be dealing with a system which throws the individual and his personal foibles into excessive prominence. We see not an efficient system of fair and sober government, but a gamble at work.
“But look at the figures of the Caesars themselves and what fascinates us now is their arbitrary nature. That bureaucratic mentality, you could say, transmitted from late antiquity through the papacy to modern nation states, is what makes contemporary Brussels possible. They have pointed to the benefits of the central bureaucracy built up by the early emperors, especially Claudius, which provided a structure for long-term continuity amid changing dynasties.
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“Historians have underlined the benefits of provincial government restrained by imperial control and the development of a sophisticated and complex law code which still underlies continental legal systems. The figure of the emperor himself, as defined by Julius Caesar and Augustus, stands for good order in contrast to the chaos of pluralism - squabbling city-states or competing aristocrats.
Andrew Wallace-Hadrill of the University of Reading wrote for the BBC: “ One image of the imperial system is of strong, effective central control.